India’s Engagements with Jordan

Why in News?

As part of a three nation visit to Jordan, Ethiopia and Oman from 15-18 December, 2025 PM Narendra Modi was in Amman on December 15-16, where he held extensive discussions with His Majesty King Abdullah II of Jordan on the 15^th of December 2025.

What are the engagements of India-Jordan bilateral relations over the years?

• Background – India and Jordan enjoy warm relations based on mutual respect.
• Diplomatic ties were formalized in 1950 after the first agreement for cooperation and friendly relations was signed in 1947.
• This year marks the 75^th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries.
• PM visited Jordan in February 2018, in transit, during his visit to State of Palestine.
• This was followed by King Abdullah-II’s state visit to India from 27 February to 1 March 2018.
• During this visit there were delegation-level talks, a CEO’s Roundtable, a joint address at the conference on ‘Islamic Heritage: Promoting Understanding & Moderation’, and the signing of 12 MoUs/Agreements.
• Trade and Economic Cooperation – Over the years, economic relations between India and Jordan have strengthened significantly, with bilateral trade showing robust growth.
• India is the fourth largest trading partner of Jordan.
• In the financial year 2023–24, total India-Jordan trade reached US$ 2.875 billion, with India’s exports to Jordan amounting to US$ 1,465 billion.
• Institutional frameworks underpinning this trade include the Trade and Economic Joint Committee (TEJC), set up under the 1976 Trade Agreement, and other dialogue mechanisms such as maritime and sector-specific working groups.

• Defence Relations – India and Jordan signed an MoU on Defence Cooperation in 2018.
• In 2024, a three-member Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force delegation attended the Special Operations Forces Exhibition and Conference (SOFEX) in Aqaba.
• A Jordanian Royal Navy delegation also visited India. They toured the Southern Naval Command Kochi and the Indian Naval Academy, Ezhimala.
• This visit took place from April 29 to May 4, 2024.
• Science and Tech – The Indian-Jordan Center of Excellence in Information Technology (IJCOEIT), a next-generation IT facility at Al-Hussein Technical University (HTU), was inaugurated on 02 October 2021.
• The Center is equipped with state-of-the-art IT infrastructure, including the Super Computer PARAM Shavak and advanced training facilities.
• The Government of India conducts master trainer courses for Jordanian experts in emerging fields such as Cyber Security, Web Development, Machine Learning, Big Data Analytics, etc., who in turn train Jordanian youth at IJCOEIT.
• It is envisioned that 3000 Jordanian experts/professionals would be nurtured at the Center.
• On the sidelines of the 4th round of Foreign Office Consultation with Jordan held in Amman, Secretary (CPV & OIA) and JS(WANA) visited the India-Jordan Center of Excellence in IT (IJCoEIT) at the Al-Hussein Technical University (HTU).
• Education – India and Jordan are strengthening ties in education and capacity building.
• India is a popular study destination for Jordanian students.
• There are 50 slots for Jordan under the Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme of Ministry of External Affairs.
• People-to-People Ties – More than 2,500 Jordanians have graduated from Indian universities.
• In 2024-25, Jordan used 37 civilian ITEC slots, 4 special executive programmes, and 5 ICCR scholarships.
• India and Jordan signed a Manpower Agreement and a visa-free travel for diplomatic and official passport holders during King Abdullah II’s visit to India in March 2018.
• Around 17,500 Indian nationals currently live in Jordan, mostly working in textiles, construction, manufacturing, healthcare, nursing, universities, IT, financial companies and UN agencies.
• Jordan provides Visa on Arrival to Indian tourists since 2009 and e-Visas since 2023.
• There is a direct flight from Amman to Mumbai. Both countries cooperated during the evacuation of Indian nationals from Israel under Operation Sindhu.
• Cultural Exchanges – There is strong interest in Jordan for Indian culture, especially Bollywood films.
• Regular cultural exchanges involving dance and music, as also events on Yoga Day take place between the two countries on a regular basis.
• Most recently, in July 2024, an ICCR sponsored “Natraj Sanskritik Silpi Samaj” cultural troupe performed Assamese Folk Dance at the 38th Jerash festival of Culture and Arts, the signature cultural festival of Jordan.

What are the Outcomes of PM’s Visit?

• Strengthening ties Engagements – Both the leaders discussed ways to further deepen bilateral engagement in the fields of:
  • Trade and investment
  • Defense and security
  • Renewable energy
  • Fertilizer and agriculture
  • Innovation
  • It and digital technologies
  • Critical minerals
  • Infrastructure
  • Health and pharma
  • Education and capacity
  • Tourism and heritage
  • Culture and people-to-people ties.
• Bilateral trade – Prime Minister proposed that the two countries should aim to enhance bilateral trade to US$ 5 billion over the next 5 years.
• Digital payments – He also called for collaboration between Jordan’s digital payment system and India’s United Payments Interface (UPI).
• Investing in Fertilizers – Jordan is an important supplier of fertilizer to India, and companies on both sides are in discussions for further substantive investment in Jordan to meet growing demand for phosphatic fertilizer in India.
• Peace & Security – The two leaders conveyed strong appreciation and support for each other’s fight against terrorism and condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
• They shared perspectives on the developments in the region and on other global issues and reiterated the importance of restoring peace and stability in the region.
• MoU’s signed between India and Jordan
  • MoU on Technical Cooperation in the Field of New and Renewable Energy
  • MoU on Cooperation in the field of Water resources Management & Development
  • Twinning Agreement between Petra and Ellora
  • Renewal of the Cultural Exchange Programme for the years 2025-2029
  • Letter of Intent on Cooperation in the field of sharing successful digital solutions implemented at population scale for digital transformation

What lies ahead?

• The India-Jordan, ties demonstrate how sustained political engagement reinforces economic and other outcomes for strong bilateral relations.
• Regular consultations, leadership-level meetings, and shared perspectives on regional stability and counter-terrorism have added strategic depth to the partnership.
• The engagements and outcomes of the recent high-level visit will further consolidate these gains.
• As India deepens its West Asia engagement, Jordan’s role as a reliable economic and political partner remains significant, reflecting a balanced relationship built on trust, trade, and strategic alignment.

Reference

PIB| India – Jordan Relation

New Seismic Map of India

Why in News?

Recently, India has unveiled an updated seismic zonation map as part of the revised Earthquake Design Code by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

What is a seismic map?

• Seismic map – It shows earthquake risk, highlighting areas prone to shaking, liquefaction, or landslides using color-coded zones to guide safe construction, urban planning, and emergency prep, based on data about faults, past quakes, and geology to predict shaking intensity over time.
• Key Components & Meanings:
  • Seismic Hazard Zones – Areas categorized by potential earthquake effects, from low to very high indicating increased risk.
  • Colour Coding – Different colours represent specific hazards (e.g., green for liquefaction risk, blue for landslides) or levels of ground shaking probability.
  • Isoseismal Lines – Contour lines on maps showing areas that experienced the same intensity of shaking (Modified Mercalli scale), useful for historical quakes.
  • Geological Data – Incorporates fault lines, soil types (which amplify shaking), and seismic wave behavior.
• Application
  • Building Codes – Dictate how strong structures (hospitals, bridges, homes) must be built.
  • Land Use – Inform decisions on where to build critical infrastructure or develop residential areas.
  • Emergency Planning – Help authorities plan response and evacuation routes.
  • Risk Communication – Make complex geological data understandable for the public and developers.

What are the Key changes in the updated map

• Previous map – 59% of India’s landmass was considered earthquake-prone and divided into four seismic zones based on the intensity of past events:
  • Zone II (low)
  • Zone III (moderate)
  • Zone IV (high)
  • Zone V (very high)
  • Zone V was the most seismically active region, while zone II was the least.
• Updated map – It has added one more zone of the highest seismic-hazard category – Zone VI.
• As a result, 61 % of India’s landmass now falls under moderate-to-high seismic hazard risk zones.
• The Himalayan belt, which was earlier split across Zones IV and V, has now been put under a single highest risk Zone VI in view of high seismic risk across the entire region (from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh).
• In the long-overdue classification, which acknowledges the extensive tectonic vulnerability of the Himalayas, towns and cities that lie on the boundary of any two zones will now automatically be considered in the higher risk zone.

What is the rationale behind the update?

• Basis – This revision is based on comprehensive data on faults, ground-shaking behaviour, tectonic movements, and underlying lithology (physical character of a rock or rock formation) of the vulnerable regions across the country.
• Factors of safety – During any intense seismic events, the safety of the people depends mainly on two factors:
  • Structural Elements (SEs) – The load-bearing components of a building, like beams, columns, walls, etc.
  • Architectural Elements and Utilities (AEUs) – Non-structural elements held by SEs like glass windows, ceilings, lifts, air conditioning ducts, and other installations for services and utilities.
• Conventional design – Traditionally earthquake-resistant design has largely focused on strengthening SEs.
• However, damage to AEUs can also jeopardise the safety of the people and structures.
• Any losses or damage to critical infrastructure, like government buildings, hospitals, schools, commercial complexes, malls, convention centres, and milk and food supply stores, can lead to major socio-economic consequences.
• Revised design – The revised Earthquake Design Code, 2025, seeks to address this gap by laying down standards for the design of SEs and protection of AEUs.
• These provisions are expected to reduce the damage to both SEs and AEUs during earthquake effects like ground shaking.
• Achieving SDG – These revisions will help towards achieving two crucial United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
  • SDG 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure) – By building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and fostering innovation.
  • SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities) – By enhancing the safety, resilience, and sustainability of cities and human settlements.

What are the seismic vulnerabilities of India?

• Dynamic Indian plate – The Indian Plate is still moving towards the Eurasian Plate at nearly 5 cm/year.
• This ongoing collision led to the formation of the Himalayas – a geologically young region, meaning the rocks are still adjusting, folding and breaking, making the mountains unstable.
• The Himalayas have not yet attained isostatic equilibrium (or gravitational equilibrium) and continue to rise.
• This makes the region vulnerable to frequent earthquakes of varying intensities.
• Major fault system – Beneath the Himalayan ranges lie three major fault systems:
  • Main Central Thrust (MCT) – Between the Greater and the Lesser/Middle Himalayas
  • Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)- Between the Lesser Himalayas and Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks)
  • Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) or Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF) – Between the Outer Himalayas and Northern Indian Plains
• The HFF is the southernmost fault and has densely populated foothills.
• The recent seismic hazard update has been cautious about the potential southward propagation of rupture along this fault, which could extend the hazards into areas such as Dehradun.
• Devastating earthquake experiences – According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), India has experienced 10 major earthquakes over the last 15 years, resulting in over 20,000 casualties.
• Historically, India, particularly the Himalayan belt, has been vulnerable to high-magnitude seismic events, sometimes exceeding 8.0.
• Major devastating Earthquakes – Four particularly devastating earthquakes happened within a span of 50-55 years, claiming thousands of lives and causing severe damage to properties:
  • 1897 Shillong earthquake (M 8.7)
  • 1905 Kangra earthquake (M 8.0)
  • 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (M 8.3)
  • 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake (M 8.6)
• More recently, the 2001 Bhuj earthquake (M 7.9) claimed 12,932 lives and devastated 890 villages.
• India’s high seismic vulnerabilities is further evident in the fact that it recorded 159 earthquakes within four months between November 2024 and February 2025.

How the revised map seeks to minimise seismic risk?

• Exposure window concept – To minimise seismic risk, the revised map introduced the concept of ‘exposure window’.
• It considers population density, concentration of infrastructure, urban expansion patterns, and socio-economic vulnerability.
• This has been introduced using the Probabilistic Exposure and Multi-Hazard Assessment (PEMA) method.
• Consideration of multiple factors – While readjusting the zones, the aim was to consider both physical and geological factors as well as the potential human and economic impacts.
• This is particularly important for densely populated cities, where even moderate intensity earthquakes can also cause significant damage.
• Conformity with the norms – The BIS has urged that all new infrastructure projects and structures be constructed in accordance with the revised guidelines.
• Revision of codes – The Himalayan states, which are now reclassified into Zone VI, will be required to revise building codes, infrastructure design norms, and long-term urban planning frameworks.
• Mandatory seismic audits and retrofitting of vulnerable infrastructure will be essential for future preparedness.

What lies ahead?

• Challenges posed by earthquakes as a disaster are unique, as their location, time, and magnitude still cannot be predicted with precision.
• This necessitates a stronger emphasis on preparedness and mitigation measures to minimise losses.
• There is a need to preserve traditional construction practices and integrate the safety provisions, wherever required, to enhance their resilience.
• There is also an urgent need to retrofit critical older structures of cultural, social, and historical importance to ensure their resilience.
• The Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) also emphasises leveraging technology to enhance the efficiency of disaster risk management efforts.
• Accordingly, efforts towards improving infrastructure, developing early warning systems, and enforcing safety standards and guidelines are crucial to ensuring safety during future earthquakes.

Reference

The Indian Express| New Seismic Map of India

Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill, 2025

Why in news?

The Minister of State for Science and Technology introduced the SHANTI Bill, 2025, in Parliament, marking a major step towards updating India’s legal framework governing nuclear energy.

• Aim – To open India’s nuclear sector to private players, streamlining laws, and positioning nuclear energy as a cornerstone of clean, reliable power for industrial growth.
• Replacing laws — It replaces outdated laws, such as the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act of 2010.

Key Provisions of the bill

• Private Sector Participation – For the 1^st time, private companies will be allowed to invest up to 49% in nuclear projects.
• They can also participate in core activities such as exploration of atomic minerals, fuel fabrication, equipment manufacturing, and potentially even aspects of plant operations.
• Unified Legal & Regulatory Framework - It consolidates multiple existing laws into a single legislative regime, simplifying licensing, compliance, safety, and operational rules to enhance clarity and investor confidence.
• It grants statutory status to the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB).
• Market Reform – It ends Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)’s monopoly over nuclear plant operations by opening the sector to private and foreign players.
• Liability Reforms – The amendments to the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act will clarify operator and supplier responsibilities.
• It introduced insurance-backed caps and provided government backstops-critical to attracting private and foreign investment.
• Penalty cap – It shields operators by capping their liability according to the size of the plants they run, and sets a maximum penalty of Rs 1 crore, even in cases of a “serious violation.”
• Removal of Supplier liability – It restricts the instances under which nuclear plant operators are allowed to seek compensation from equipment suppliers in case of an accident.
• Compensation framework – It penalises operators in case of a nuclear accident, requiring them to compensate on the basis of the plant size, not actual damage.
  • Installation above 3,600 MW - Operators pay up to Rs. 3,000 crore;
  • Between 1,500 MW and 3.600 MW up to Rs 1,500 crore; and
  • Lower down (150 MW) to Rs 100 crore.
• Safety & Preparedness – It strengthens mechanisms for safety, security, safeguards, quality assurance, and emergency preparedness.
• Operator’s right to claim from suppliers (recourse) – Allowed only if -
  • There is an explicit agreement with the supplier.
  • The accident is proven to have been caused by the supplier or faulty equipment.
  • The accident was due to deliberate intent to cause nuclear damage.
• India’s Target – India has set an ambitious target of 100 gigawatts (GW) of nuclear power capacity by 2047, nearly 11 times increase from current levels.
• Current status (2025) – India operates 25 reactors with a combined installed capacity of 8,880 megawatts, and 17 more reactors are under various stages of construction.

India is already a nuclear weapons state having acquired atomic bombs in 1998.

References

1. The Hindu | SHANTI Bill spurs private sector to make, run nuclear plants
2. NDTV | SHANTI Bill, 2025, was tabled in Parliament

Param Vir Dirgha

Why in news?

The President of India has inaugurated the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ at Rashtrapati Bhavan on the occasion of ‘Vijay Diwas’.

Vijay Diwas – Celebrated on  December 16, to commemorate India’s victory over Pakistan in 1971 during the war for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan.

• Param Vir Dirgha – Portraits of all 21 Param Vir Chakra awardees are now displayed in Rashtrapati Bhavan, replacing the previously displayed portraits of 96 British Aides-de-Camp (ADCs).
• Purpose -
  • To honour soldiers who displayed exceptional valour and self-sacrifice.
  • To educate visitors about India’s national heroes.
  • To symbolise India’s pride in its own heritage rather than colonial traditions.
• Param Vir Chakra – It is India’s highest military honour, awarded for displaying the most exceptional acts of valour, courage and self-sacrifice during war.
• Established in – 1950, after India became a republic.
• Recipients – Only 21 soldiers have received the PVC since independence, across wars including 1947–48, 1965, 1971, and the Kargil War (1999).
• Notable Awardees -
  • Major Somnath Sharma (1947) – First recipient, for gallantry in Kashmir.
  • Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal (1971) – Honoured for bravery in the Battle of Basantar.
  • Captain Vikram Batra (1999) – Famous for his role in the Kargil War, remembered for the phrase “Yeh Dil Maange More!”.

Broader Decolonisation Initiatives

• Renaming of spaces – Like Rajpath to Kartavya Path, Race Course Road (home to the Prime Minister’s residence) to Lok Kalyan Marg, and Rashtrapati Bhavan’s Mughal Garden into Amrit Udyan.
• Military symbols – Indian Navy’s ensign has been redesigned, removing Saint George’s Cross, adopting instead a design featuring the National Flag and a Navy blue-gold octagon dedicated to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
• Ceremonial traditions – The 2022 Republic Day Beating Retreat used Indian instruments (sitar, santoor, tabla).
• Islands renamed – Across India, including in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, colonial nomenclature has been replaced -
  • Ross Island - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Dweep (2018)
  • Neil Island - Shaheed Dweep (2018)
  • Havelock Island - Swaraj Dweep (2018)
  • Port Blair - Sri Vijaya Puram (2024)

To know about other awards, click here

References

The Hindu | President of India inaugurated the ‘Param Vir Dirgha’ at Rashtrapati Bhavan

Nitrofurans

Why in news?

The FSSAI has directed food safety officers across India to collect samples of both branded and unbranded eggs for testing after a viral video claimed the presence of nitrofuran residues.

• Nitrofurans – It is an antibiotic, banned on food-producing animals.
• Key Compounds and Their Uses
• The four primary parent compounds in this class include:
  • Nitrofurantoin - Primarily used in human medicine to treat and prevent uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • Furazolidone - Traditionally used to treat bacterial diarrhoea, cholera, and Giardia.
  • Nitrofurazone (Nitrofural) - Used topically for skin infections, burns, and skin grafts.
  • Furaltadone - Historically used in veterinary medicine for poultry and livestock.
• Mechanism of Action - Nitrofurans work by entering bacterial cells, where they are reduced by bacterial enzymes (nitroreductases) into highly reactive electrophilic intermediates.
• These intermediates attack multiple targets simultaneously, including:
  • DNA and RNA - Causing genetic damage and inhibiting transcription.
  • Proteins - Disrupting protein synthesis and the citric acid cycle.
• This multi-target approach makes it difficult for bacteria to develop resistance compared to other antibiotics.
• Persistence - Although the parent drugs metabolise quickly (half-life of less than an hour), their side-chain metabolites (e.g., AOZ, AMOZ, SEM, AHD) bind to tissues and can persist for weeks.
• Health risks - They are considered carcinogenic and genotoxic, meaning they can damage DNA and increase cancer risk.
• Residues persist - Even after stopping use, nitrofuran metabolites remain in animal tissues (meat, eggs, fish).

References

1. New Indian Express | Nitrofurans' presence in Egg
2. Times of India | Test Eggs for banned antibiotics

Sabko Bima Sabko Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill, 2025

Why in news?

Lok Sabha has passed the insurance bill seeking to remove the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) cap, along with over a dozen key sectoral reforms.

• Aim – To liberalise, modernise & democratize India’s insurance sector.
• It ensures wider coverage, stronger regulation, and better consumer protection while opening the doors to global investment and expertise.
• Amended laws – Insurance Act, 1938, the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956, and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.

Key Provisions of the Bill

• FDI Increase – It raises the foreign investment cap in insurance from 74% to 100%, to attract investment, facilitate technology transfer, increase insurance penetration and social protection.

FDI limit for insurance companies was raised from 26% to 49% in 2015 and from 49% to 74% in 2021 and now it is 100%.

• Regulated by– It grants IRDAI authority to expel wrongful gains from insurers and intermediaries, strengthening consumer protection.
• Autonomy to LIC – It gives LIC greater operational freedom, empowering it to set up new zonal offices without requiring prior government approvals, enabling faster expansion, improved administrative efficiency, and better regional oversight.
• Penalty Rationalisation – The maximum penalty on insurance intermediaries increased from Rs 1 crore to Rs 10 crore, aimed at serving as a strong deterrent and promoting adherence to legal and regulatory norms.
• Reinsurance Reform – It reduces the net owned fund requirement for foreign reinsurance branches from Rs 5,000 crore to Rs 1,000 crore, encouraging more reinsurers to operate in India.
• Public Sector Support – The government’s priority is to reinforce public sector insurance firms, noting that Rs 17,450 crore has been injected into three state‑owned general insurers to bolster their capital base.
• Sectoral Growth Data –
  • Number of insurers - Increased from 53 (2014–15) to 74 (2024–25).
  • Total insurance premium mobilised - During the same period went up from Rs 4.15 lakh crore to Rs 11.93 lakh crore.
  • Assets under management (AUM) - Increased from Rs 24.20 lakh crore to Rs 74.43 lakh crore.

References

1. The Hindu | LS passes bill on insurance sector
2. Indian Express | LS passes Bill to raise FDI limit in insurance sector

National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM)

Why in news?

The government has rolled out the National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM) across the country.

• Aim – To create a comprehensive, nationwide digital database of livestock and livestock-related services.
• Under the – Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying.
• Scale of implementation –
  • 35.96 crore Pashu Aadhaar IDs issued.
  • 9.5 crore livestock owners registered.
  • 4 lakh field workers enrolled.
  • 146.6 crore vaccination records entered.
  • 250 crore total transactions recorded in the system
• Coverage – Implemented successfully across all states.
• Bharat Pashudhan Platform –
  • It is a unified digital database that integrates animal health, breeding, and productivity data.
  • It integrates livestock data nationwide through the Bharat Pashudhan platform (mobile and web).
  • Pashu Aadhaar – Every animal is issued a unique 12-digit barcoded ear tag (digital identity) that links to breeding, vaccination, ownership, and health records.
  • As of December 2025, approximately 35.96 crore animals have been issued these IDs.

Major Objectives of NDLM

• Breed Improvement – Manage breeding digitally to ensure high-quality germplasm suited to India’s diverse climates.
• Disease Monitoring & Control – Integrated system to prevent, predict, respond, and treat major livestock diseases.
• Product Traceability – Foolproof tracking of livestock products using tag IDs, geography, and processing facilities—enabling branding and new market opportunities.
• Farmer-Centric Ecosystem – Empower farmers with access to schemes, services, and animal data via mobile apps.
• Open-Source Architecture – API-enabled system allows integration with banks, insurers, vets, and other stakeholders for seamless information exchange.
• Farmer Empowerment Tools –
  • Bharat Pashudhan App – It is used by field workers to record activities such as artificial insemination, vaccinations, and e-prescriptions.
  • 1962 Livestock Owner App – It replaced the earlier e-Gopala app, allowing farmers to view their animals' records and track health services.
  • It is linked directly to the NDLM database shows details of registered animals, latest schemes/programmes from DAHD, and is integrated with flagship programmes like Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM), etc.

References

1. PIB | National Digital Livestock Mission rolled out nationwide
2. DD News | National Digital Livestock Mission rolled out nationwide