Unhealthy Urban India

Why in news?

Unhealthy diets, reduced physical activity and air pollution are posing a greater risk to morbidity and mortality in urban areas.

What are the multiple risks faced by urban India?

• Multi-scalar health risks- India’s urban inhabitants experience world’s highest levels of air and noise pollution, limited greenery, lack of access to sidewalks and parks that limit active lifestyles, limited access to nutritionally dense unhealthy foods and unprecedented exposure to toxic chemicals and heavy metals.
• The series of exposures dramatically magnifies health risks for heart disease and diabetes, referred to as cardio metabolic disease.
• The dietary ingestion of excess calories without adequate physical exercise fuels a vicious cycle of insulin spikes, excess fat deposition that sets the stage for heart disease.
• Infrastructural deficit- Walking and biking on many Indian roads is not only hazardous but also nearly impossible, as sidewalks are overwhelmed by building and human waste, parked vehicles or street hawkers.
• Dysfunctional provisioning system-  It consume more than 90% of the world’s water and global CO2 emissions and facilitate an estimated 19 million premature deaths annually.
• Social inequalities- The socio-spatial-political design of urban provisioning systems in India exacerbates social inequalities in cities, by class, race, age, migrant and disability status, translating to vast disparities in health risks and outcomes.

What measures can be taken to combat unhealthy urban India?

• Green investments- Investments on clean energy and electric mobility will offer a lifetime opportunity to improve health, while helping meet India’s climate and equity goals.
• Triple duty interventions- Studies show that even small changes in the urban systems may have a large catalytic effect on health and productivity and serve as double-duty or triple duty interventions.
  • For example, making way for safe walking and biking lanes, and pavements, can help not only improve physical activity but also reduce the risk from air pollution.
• Physical exercise- Regular physical exercise effectively mitigates the impact of other risk factors such as poor diet, particularly those rich in calories and saturated fats.
• Non-motorized modes of transport- Walking and cycling has much greater positive effects on health and wealth than just switching to electric vehicle.

• Holistic urban policy- Policies that encourage fresh fruits and vegetables and limit sugars and salt in beverages may help contribute to better health outcomes.
• Urban policies are powerful public health interventions that can serve to promote population health.

What lies ahead?

• A new narrative for improving health and well-being in cities as reflected in several high-level policy frameworks, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) framework, the New Urban Agenda, and the Health in All Policies approach, is needed.

• • SDG 11 goal - To make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable is closely related to urban health.
  • The New Urban Agenda- A global framework for sustainable urban development that was adopted by the UN in 2016 to make cities and human settlements more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable by 2030.
  • Health in All Policies (HiAP) - An approach to public policy across sectors that systematically takes into account the health implications of decisions, seeks synergies, and avoids harmful health impacts

References

1. The Hindu- Unhealthy urban India must get into street fight mode
2. WHO- SDGs in urban health
3. UN- New Urban Agenda to accelerate SDGs