Migration from rural areas is leading to overcrowding of urban areas.
Hence, a fresh look at urban governance is necessary.
What do the trends say?
Cities are economically vibrant spaces around the world and draw a large number of rural migrants looking for better prospects.
This is a sustained trend, particularly in developing countries now, as production, jobs and markets get concentrated.
‘UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs’ released its 2018 ‘World Urbanization Prospects’, which forecasted future trends.
India, China and Nigeria are expected to lead other countries and account for 35% of the projected growth in urban population by mid-century.
It estimates 52.8% of Indians will live in cities by 205o, (presently 34%) and that Delhi would become the world’s most populous city by 2018.
This forecast frames the challenge before developing countries in general and India in particular.
What is the state of cities in India?
Urbanisation in India is a complex process, as it is defined not by a constant migration of rural residents but by the flow of mostly male workers.
Big cities expand geographically and engulf neighbouring towns, which is also another significant way in which populations are becoming urbanised.
Even with only about a third of Indian population living in cities, civic anarchy is rampant in the country.
Housing deficits have led to the proliferation of slums, and lack of enforcement of building norms has left the metros heavily congested.
Also, poor investment in public transport has fuelled unsustainable levels of private vehicle use.
What are the challenges?
Policy Challenges - There is a strong policy emphasis on improving facilities in rural areas, which is to stymie the migration to urban centres.
But there is a natural economic magnetism to cities, which is proving too strong to resist, thereby mandating suitable village oriented economic policies.
Also, designing cities in such a way to ensure that their high levels of productivity and efficiency are not compromised is a big policy challenge.
Elected Mayors lack the stature and authority to introduce urgently needed reforms despite the 74th Amendment that gave them significant autonomy.
Pollution - World Health Organisation (WHO) has noted that 14 Indian cities are among the top 20 worldwide with the worst air quality profiles.
Most cities are also unable to collect and dispose of municipal waste scientifically, and simply dump them in the suburbs.
Such a dismal scenario can only get worse with higher population concentrations, unless city governments come into their own.
Integrationist Approach - While the Centre’s goal of homes for all by 2022 is laudable, it is unlikely to be realised without a push from the States.
Schemes driven by innovation and low-cost approaches and augmenting rental housing should be a priority within the plan.
Integrating green spaces, open commons and wetlands will make cities cleaner and aesthetically richer.
