Mass Drug Administration (MDA) strategy:

• Mass drug administration (MDA) is a campaign strategy in which all people in an area are given treatment regardless of their disease status.  Option (b) is correct.
• MDA is a means of delivering safe and inexpensive essential medicines based on the principles of preventive chemotherapy, where populations or sub-populations are offered treatment without individual diagnosis.
• This strategy has been used over the past few decades extensively as part of global efforts to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases, particularly those that are preventable through this type of treatment and for which drugs are available.

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Lymphatic Filariasis:

• Lymphatic filariasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), caused by – Parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea.  (Statement 2 is correct).
• It is commonly known as Elephantiasis or Hathi Paon.
• It damages the lymphatic system and the kidneys and alter the body's immune system.
• There are 3 types of these thread-like filarial worms

• Wuchereria bancrofti, which is responsible for 90% of the cases
• Brugia malayi, which causes most of the remainder of the cases
• Brugia timori, which also causes the disease. (Statements 3 is correct).

• It enters to human body through the bites of infected mosquitos to humans.
• It is transmitted by – Different types of mosquitoes,
  • Culex – Widespread across urban and semi-urban areas.
  • Anopheles – Found in rural areas.
  • Aedes – Endemic in the islands of Pacific. (Statement 1 is not correct).

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President's Rule :

• In India, the President's Rule (Article 356) is imposed when the President is satisfied that a state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions.
• Under The President’s rule, the Governor will administer the state on behalf of the President. Option (a) is correct.
• The Governor will also seek assistance from the state's chief secretary or presidentially nominated advisors.
• During President’s Rule, the Parliament assumes legislative authority over the state, taking over the powers of the State Legislature. Option (c) is correct.
• A law or rule enacted for the state during this time remains in effect even after the President's term ends.
• In India, the President's rule, declared under Article 356, does not directly affect the fundamental rights of citizens. Option (b) is correct.
• Duration – A maximum of 3 years by approval of Parliament every 6 months.
• Every proclamation issued by the President must be approved by Parliament within two months of its issuance.
• The President's rule can be terminated at any time by the President without needing Parliament's approval. This provision allows for the revocation of President's rule when deemed necessary by the President. Option (d) is not correct.

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PM e-Bus Sewa-Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) Scheme:

• The PSM scheme facilitate the procurement and operation of electric buses (e-buses) by Public Transport Authorities (PTAs).  Statement 1 is correct.
• The PSM Scheme aims to deploy over 38,000 electric buses from FY 2024-25 to FY 2028-29 and ensure payment security for operators if Public Transport Authorities (PTAs) default on payments.
• Its objective is to ensure timely payments to e-bus operators and promotes sustainable public transport. Statement 2 is not correct.
• Nodal Ministry – Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises.  Statement 3 is not correct.
• The scheme encourages the use of a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model under the Gross Cost Contract (GCC) framework.
• This scheme is a step towards cleaner, greener, and more efficient urban transport while addressing financial risks for operators.

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Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana:

• It aims to enhance irrigation and land fertility by providing quality seeds and fertilizers to farmers in infertile, barren, and undeveloped agricultural land. Statement 1 is correct.
• It will cover 100 districts based on 3 broad parameters- low productivity, moderate crop intensity, and below-average credit parameters.
• It draws inspiration from the Aspirational Districts Program.
• The scheme is implemented by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, and the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. (Statement 2 is correct).
• The following are the objectives of the scheme:

• Enhancing agricultural productivity
• Adopting crop diversification and sustainable agriculture practices
• Augmenting post-harvest storage at the panchayat and block level
• Improving irrigation facilities and
• Facilitating availability of long-term and short-term credit.

• The scheme does not include direct cash transfers to farmers. (Statement 3 is not correct).

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